Ôn thi tốt nghiệp lớp 12 môn Tiếng Anh

GRAMMAR
I/ Tenses
1. The Simple Present (Thì hiện tại đơn)
 a. Form : ( Công thức )
 (+) I , We , You , They + V; He , She , It ( S ít ) + V-s/es 
 (-) I , We , You , They + don't + V ; He , She , It + doesn't + V
 (?) Do + We , You , They + V ?; Does + He , She , It + V?
 Wh + do/does + S + V?
 b. Usage (Cách dùng ) :	
- Diễn tả một chân lí, một sự thật hiển nhiên.
Ex : - The Earth goes round the sun . 
 - He is a doctor. 
 - Tom comes from England.
- Diễn tả 1 thói quen hoặc 1 việc xảy ra thường xuyên ở hiện tại .
Ex : He often goes to class late . / My mother gets up early every morning .
 c. Key words: always, often, usually, sometimes, now and then, seldom, rarely, never, every...
* Note : Thêm – es vào sau những động từ tận cùng : o , s , x ,z ,sh , ch.
 2 . The Present Continuous (Thì hiện tại tiếp diễn)
 a. Form : (+) S + am / is / are + V-ing 
 (-) S + am / is / are ( not ) + V-ing
	 (?) Are / Is + S + V-ing? ; Wh + are / is + S + V-ing?	
Ex: 	We are studying English now .
 -------------------
 b. Usage ( Cách dùng) : Past Now Future
- Diễn tả một hành động đang diễn ra ở thời điểm nói ( ở hiện tại)
 c. Key words: now , right now = at once , at ( the / this / present ) time, at the moment, Ra lệnh
 ( Look ! Listen ! ) 	Ex : - She is listening to his teacher now
Diễn tả 1 hành động sẽ xảy ra ở tương lai ( có kế hoạch từ trước)
 X 
 Past Now Future
 	Ex : She is getting married next year.
 Note :* be going to +V dùng để diễn tả 1 hành động sắp xảy ra mà hiện tượng của nó đã xuất hiện hoặc 1 hành động tương lai có dự định trước. 
	Ex: The grey dark appears. It is going to rain. 
3 . The Present Perfect (Thì hiện tại hòan thành)
 	a. Form : (+) S + has / have + PII (I, You, We, They + have; He, She, It + has)
 (-) S + has / have ( not ) + PII
 	 (?) Has / Have + S + PII?; Wh + has / have + S + PII?
	 b. Usage (Cách dùng ) :
* Diễn tả một hành động vừa mới xảy ra hoặc xảy ra không rõ thời gian (thường đi kèm với các từ just, recently = lately, not .. yet, ever, never, aleady ) 
Ex : We haven’t finished our homework yet .
* Diễn tả 1 hành động bắt đầu từ quá khứ kéo dài đến hiện tại có khả năng tiếp tục ở tương lai (thường đi với các từ since , for) 	
	Ex : - They have lived here for ten years . 
 c. Key words: so far = until now = up to now , how long .. ? It is the first / second / third  time, twice / many / three. times; just , recently = lately, not .. yet, ever, never, aleady, since , for; for a long times = for ages
4. The Present Perfect Continuous (HiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh tiÕp diÔn) 
a. Form : (+) S + has / have + been + V-ing.
 (-) S + has / have not + been + V-ing.
 (?) Has/ Have + S + been + V-ing? ; Wh + has/ have + S + been + V-ing?
b. Usage: Dïng ®Ó diÔn t¶ hµnh ®éng b¾t ®Çu tõ qu¸ khø kÐo dµi liªn tôc tíi hiÖn t¹i. (c¸ch dïng nµy nhÊn m¹nh tÝnh liªn tôc cña hµnh ®éng)
 ------
 Past Future
Ex: - I have been waiting for two hours, but she has not come yet.
 	 - He has been living here since 1975.
 - We have been working in the garden all morning.
+ The Present Perfect Continuous: cßn ®­îc dïng víi nh­ng ®éng tõ nh­: lie, wait, sit, stand, rest, sleep..
- They have been learning English since 1995.
- The chair has been lying in the store window for ages.
5. The Simple Past (Thì quá khứ đơn )
 	 a. Form : 	(+) S + Ved  ( to be : was / were )	
(-)	 S + did not + V 
	(?)	 Did + S + V? ; Wh + did + S + V?
b. Usage : Diễn tả hành động đã xảy ra, chấm dứt trong quá khứ ( đôi khi biết rõ thời gian ) 
 X
 Past Now Future
Ex; I went to the zoo last week.
 What did you do yesterday morning?
 c. Key words: yesterday , ago , last ( week /night  ) , in 1990 ( thời gian ở quá khứ )
6 . The Past Continuous (Thì quá khứ tiếp diễn )
 a. Form : 	(+) S + was / were + V-ing.
 (-) S + was / were (not) + V-ing
 (?) Was/ Were + S + V-ing?; Wh + was/ were + S + V-ing?	
Ex: We were studying Maths at this time yesterday.
 b. Usage : 
- Diễn tả một hành động đang xảy ra vào 1 thời điểm xác định trong quá khứ .
 X 
 Past Now Future
 Ex : - What were you doing at 4 p.m yesterday?
- Diễn tả 1 hành động đang xảy ra vào 1 thời điểm xác định ở quá khứ hoặc 1 hành động đang xảy ra ( hành động này kéo dài hơn ) thì có hành động khác xen vào .	
 Ex: - What were you doing at 4 p.m yesterday?	
 - We were watching television when he came
- Diễn tả 2 hành động đang xảy ra cùng lúc ở quá khứ .
 Past Now Future
 Ex: Yesterday , while I was reading a book , my sister was watching T.V .
 c. Key words: at ( the / this / that ) time, at the moment, at 4p.m + thời gian ở quá khứ ( yesterday, last .. ) 	
Ex : He was watching film at the moment yesterday.
7 . The Past perfect (Thì quá khứ hòan thành ) 
 a. Form :	 (+) S + had (not) + PII 
 (-) S + had (not) + PII
 (?) Had + S + PII?; Wh + had + S + PII?
 	b. Usage : Diễn tả một hành động xảy ra trước 1 hành động khác trong quá khứ hoặc trước 1 thời điểm ở quá khứ .	
 x x
 Past Now Future
Ex : 	When I got up this morning , my mother had already left . 
 c. Key words: before , after; when, as; as soon as ....
8. The Past perfect continuous. (Thì quá khứ hòan thành tiếp diễn )
 a. Form :	(+) S + had + been + V-ing
 (-) S + had not + been + V-ing
 (?) Had + S + been + V-ing?; Wh + had + S + been + V-ing?
 b. Usage : Dïng ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh tÝnh liªn tôc cña hµnh ®éng tr­íc khi mét hµnh ®éng qu¸ khø ®¬n khac x¶y ra. 
 x
 Past Now Future
Ex: - She had been studying English before she came here for classes.
 (Hành động had been studying xảy ra liên tục cho tới khi hành động came for classes xảy ra).
 - It had been raining when I got up this morning. 
9 . The simple future : (Thì tương lai đơn ) 
a. Form : (+) S + shall / will + V 
 (-) S + shall / will + not + V
 (?) Will/ Shall + S + V?; Wh + will/ shall + S + V?; (I, We + shall)
b. Usage : Diễn tả hành động sẽ xảy ra ở tương lai : 
 x
 Past Now Future
Ex: We shall visit Ha Long Bay next week.
 Minh will buy a new car in 2015.
c. Key words: tomorrow , next ( week / month )  , in 2012
* Be going to: dïng dÓ diÔn t¶ mét dù ®Þnh ®· ®­îc s¾p xÕp tõ tr­íc, sù ch¾c ch¾n s¶y ra trong t­¬ng lai
10. The Future Perfect: ( Tương lai hòan thành ) 
 	a. Form 	(+) S + will/ shall + have + PII.
 (-) S + will/ shall not + have + PII.
 (?) Will/ Shall + S + have + PII?; Wh + will/ shall + S + have + PII?
 b. Usage : Diễn tả hµnh ®éng sÏ hoµn thµnh tr­íc mét hµnh ®éng kh¸c hoÆc mét thêi ®iÓm trong t­¬ng lai.
 x x
 Past Now Future
Ex : By the end of this year, I will have had a new bike.
 	c. Key words: By the end of ., by next....
 Note : Sau when , while , before , after , until, by the time, as , as soon as, if . không dùng thì tương lai mà chỉ dùng thì hiện tại đơn, hiện tại hoàn thành . 
Ex : She will phone her parents when she comes here next week.
EXERCISES:
I. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
1. She (not/ work)., she (swim) .in the river.
2. Why Ann (not/ wear) ..her new dress?
3. You can't see Tom now: he (have) ..a bath.
4. He usually (drink) ............... coffee but today he (drink) ..............tea.
5. – What she (do) ..............in the evenings? 
 – She usually (play) .........cards or (watch)..... TV.
6. She (stand) ........................at the bus stop. I asked her what bus she (wait) ............... for.
7. When I arrived , the lecture had already started and the professor (write) ...... on the overhead projector.
8. I didn't want to meet Paul , so when he entered the room I (leave) ..............
9. He (watch)  TV when the phone rang. Very unwillingly he (turn) .. down the sound and (go)  to answer it.
10. – This is my house. 
 – How long you (live) here? 
 – I (live) here since 1970.
11. He (live) ............... in London for two years and then (go) ................... to Edinburgh.
12. I (not / see)  him for three years. I wonder where he is.
13. I can't go out because I (not / finish)  my work.
14. Here are your shoes; I just (clean) . them.
15. - You (have) .............. breakfast yet? – Yes, I (have)  it at 8.00.
16. – You (be)  here before? 
 – Yes, I (spend) . my holidays here last year. 
You (have) . a good time? 
No, it never (stop) . raining.
17. – Where you (go) ................ for your holidays this year? – I (go)................. to Holland.
18. They (get)  married next week.
19. – You (do) ..................... anything tonight? – Yes, I (go) .............. to my carpentry class.
20. It (rain)... Look at those clouds.
21. You (have) . time to help me tomorrow?
22. – Did you remember to book seats? – Oh no, I forgot. I (telephone) . for them now.
23. – He has just been taken to hospital with a broken leg. 
 – I'm sorry to hear that. I (send) ........ him some grapes.
24. I've hired a typewriter and I (learn) . to type.
25. I see that you have got a loom. You (do) ............ some weaving?
II. Multiple choices
She................Hanoi last year
 A. went	B. go	C. goes D. is going
Now you ..................from New York to Los Angeles in a matter of hours
 A. are flying	B. would fly C. will fly D. can fly
When Carol....................last night, I................my favorite show on television
A. was calling- watched B. called- have watched C. called- was watching D. had called- watched
By the time next summer, you....................your studies
 A. completes 	 B. will complete C. are completing D. will have completed
Right now, Jim.................the newspaper and Kathy...............dinner
 A. reads- has cooked B. is reading- is cooking C. has read- was cooking D. read- will be cooking
Last night at this time, they.....................the same thing. She.............and he..........the newspaper
 A. are doing- is cooking- is reading B. were doing- was cooking- was reading
 C. was doing- has cooked- is reading D. had done- was cooking- read
– Hurry up! We’re waiting for you. What’s taking you so long? – I .. for an important phone call. Go ahead and leave without me.
A. wait 	B. will wait 	C. am waiting 	 D. have waited
– Robert is going to be famous someday. He .......... in three movies already. 
 – I’m sure he’ll be a star.	
A. has been appearing	 B. has appeared 	C. had appeared 	D. appeared
– Hello? Alice? This is Jeff. How are you? 
 – Jeff? What a coincidence! I ............ about you when the phone rang.
A. was just thinking B. just thought C. have just been thinking D. was just thought
– What .. about the new simplified tax law? – It’s more confusing than the old one.
A. are you thinking B. do you think 	C. have you thought D. have you been thinking
– Why did you buy all this sugar and chocolate? 
 – I . a delicious dessert for dinner tonight.
A. make 	B. will make 	C. am going to make D. will have made
– Let’s go! What’s taking you so long? – I’ll be there as soon as I ........... my keys.
A. found 	B. will find 	C. find 	D. am finding
While I . TV last night, a mouse ran across the floor.
A. watch	 B. watched 	C. was watching 	D. am watching
The earth  on the sun for its heat and light.
A. is depend 	B. depending 	C. has depend 	 D. depends
I don’t feel good. I  home from work tomorrow.
A. am staying 	B. stay	 C. will have stayed 	D. stayed
I’ve been in this city for a long time. I .. here sixteen years ago.
A. have come 	B. was coming 	C. came 	D. had come
– May I speak to Dr. Paine, please? 
 – I’m sorry, he .. a patient at the moment. Can I help you?
A. is seeing 	 B. sees 	C. has been seeing	D. was seeing
– Paul, could you please turn off the stove? The potatoes ............ for at least 30 minutes.
A. are boiling 	B. have been boiling 	 C. boiling 	D. were boiling
My family loves this house. It .........the family home ever since my grandfather built it 60 years ago.
A. was 	B. has been 	C. is 	D. will be
I know you feel bad now, Tommy, but try to put it out of your mind. By the time you’re an adult, you .. all about it.
A. forget 	B. will have forgotten 	 C. will forget 	D. forgot
The little girl started to cry. She ....... her doll, and no one was able to find it for her.
A. has lost 	B. had lost 	C. was losing 	D. was lost
I..................much of you lately. We..........................three months ago
 A. haven’t seen- last meet B. didn’t see- met C. haven’t seen- have meet D. didn’t see- have met
The Chinese................spaghetti dishes for a long time before Marco Polo................back to Italy.
 A. made- brought B. have made- brought C. made- had brought D. had been making- brought
When I arrived at the meeting the first speaker.................speaking and the audience...................
 A. just finished- were clapping	B. had just finished- had clapped
 C. had just finished- were clapping	D. just finished- had clapped
He.............................his job last month and then he.....................out of work
 A. lost- was B. was lost- had been C. has lost- was D. lost- has been
Jane’s eyes burned and her shoulders ached. She . at the computer for five straight hours. Finally, she took a break.
A. is sitting 	 B. has been sitting	 C. was sitting 	 D. had been sitting
In the last hundred years, travelling.......................much easier and more comfortable
	 A. become	B. has become C. became D. will became
In the 19th century, it.............two or three months to across North America by covered wagon
 A. took	B. had taken C. had been taken D. was taking
Sam..............to change a light bulb when he................and.........................
 A. was trying – slipped - fell	B. tried- was slipping - falling
 C. had been trying - slipped - was falling	D. has tried – slips - falls
 In the past, the trip...................very rough and often dangerous, but things..........a great deal in the last hundred and fifty years
 A. was - have changed B. is- change C. had been- will change D. has been- changed
II/ Sequence of tenses in adverbial clauses of time.
Ex: a. He waited for her until she came back.
 b. I will wait until you come back. 
 In (a) both verbs are in the simple past tense.
 In (b) the verb in the main clause is in the simple future tense, and the verb in the adverbial clause of time is in the simple present tense.
Main clause
Adverbial clause of time
Present simple
Present simple / present continuous/ present perfect
Present perfect
Present perfect/ past simple.
Future simple/ be going to
Present perfect/ Simple present
Future perfect
Present simple
Past simple
Past simple/ past continuous/ past perfect
Past continuous
Past simple/ past continuous
Past perfect
Past simple
1. Sequence with the simple present in the main clause.
- We always take umbrellas with us when it rains.
- I usually read the newspaper while I am waiting for the bus. 
- He never drinks tea after he has eaten dinner.
2. Sequence with the future tenses in the main clause.
- She is going to stay here till he has finished his work.
- I will go out with you as soon as I have finished my work.
- We will go out when you finish your work.
- We’ll have already done all the housework when my father comes back.
3. Sequence with the past tenses in the main clause.
- I sat near the window whenver I took a bus
- They were playing chess when I came back.
- I saw Mary while I was walking down the street.
- My mother was watching T.V while my father was drawing.
- He left after/ when/ as soon as he had finished his work.
- The film had already started when I arrived the cinema.
- I have felt much better since I have lived here.
- She has worked for this company since she graduated from university.
* Notes: 
There are no future tenses in the adverbial clauses of time.
The adverbial clauses of time are introduced by the following conjunctions: when, whenever, by the time, before, after, since, as, as soon as, while, till, until, just as, no sooner ... than, hardly... when, as long as.
EXERCISES: 
I. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
1. – How long do you want me to heat the oil?
 - Heat it till it (begin)to smoke.
2. – How long are you going to stay here?
 - I’m going to stay here until my brother (finish)..his exam.
3. – When will you start the trip?
 - We’ll leave as soon as we (get)..our ticket.
4. – I’m learning French. 
 - Well, when you (speak).French fluently, you may find a good job.
5. By the time you (read)..this book, your meal will get cold.
6. – Are you taking English courses?
 - Yes, and my teacher says that when I (take)..five courses, I shall be able to speak it quite fluently.
7. – Is your father at home?
 - No, he is away on business. If you have a message for him, I (give).it to him as soon as he (come) back home.
8. – Please tell me how to get to the post office.
 - Go till you (come)to a square with a statue in the midle; then turn left and you (find).it on the right.
9. - What did he say before he left for Paris?
 - He said he would give me a ring as soon as he (reach) ..Paris.
10. - I thought you were going to the concert.
 - I was. But when I got there, the tickets (be)sold out. So, I (have). .. 
to go back home to watch T.V.
II/ Choose the best answer
1. Last night I went to bed after I _________my homework. 
A. finish	B. have finished	C. had finished	D. was finishing
2. To night I will go to bed after I __________my homework. 
A. will finish	B. finish	C. will have finished	D. have finished
3. Ever since I was a child, I ___________afraid of dogs.
A. was	B. have been	C. had been	D. am
4. Jacquie's contact lens popped out while she ___________basket ball. 
A. plays	B. played	C. has played	D. was playing
5. Be sure to reread your composition for errors before you _______ it in to the teacher tomorrow. 
A. hand 	B. are going to hand	C. handed	D. will hand
6. By the time I left my apartment this morning, the mail carrier ___________the mail. 
A. will have sent	B. sent	C. have sent	D. had sent
7. I have know my best friend since she __________ten years old. 
A. is	B. was	C. has been	D. being
8.A black cat ran across the road as I ____________my car to work this morning. 
A. drove	B. drive	C. was driving	D. driving
9. By the time I leave this city, I ____________here for four months. 
A. lived	B. will have lived	C. have lived	D. live
10. Whenever Mark ___________ angry, his nose gets red. 
A. was	B. being	C. be	D. is
11. I __________to the beach whenever the weather was nice, but now I don't have time to do that because I have to study. 
A. go	B. gone	C. went	D. have gone
12. We will have a big party when we__________ good results. 
A. get	B. gtes	C. got	D. will get
13. Next month, when I ________to Hawaii, I'm going to visit Mauna Loa, the world's largest volcano.
A. came	B. come	C. will come	D. have come 
14. I could read newspaper before I __________ grade 1.
A. am	B. was	C. have been	D. be